Instructions:
Crude rates are particularly useful in epidemiology because they can express disease frequency relative to the size of the population during a specified period of time. However, crude rates must be interpreted with caution as rate differences may result from variability in age and gender distributions rather than from true variations in disease rates. Direct rate adjustments are often made to account for the inherent variability in demographic distributions and better characterize disease frequency and distribution in the population.Table 1 below contains skin cancer data collected according to age and gender (CDC, 2013).
Crude rates are particularly useful in epidemiology because they can express disease frequency relative to the size of the population during a specified period of time. However, crude rates must be interpreted with caution as rate differences may result from variability in age and gender distributions rather than from true variations in disease rates. Direct rate adjustments are often made to account for the inherent variability in demographic distributions and better characterize disease frequency and distribution in the population.Table 1 below contains skin cancer data collected according to age and gender (CDC, 2013).
Questions:
1. Calculate the crude skin cancer rates for each age group and gender to complete Table 1.
2. Calculate and interpret the rate ratio of skin cancer for males to females.
1. Calculate the crude skin cancer rates for each age group and gender to complete Table 1.
2. Calculate and interpret the rate ratio of skin cancer for males to females.
Table 1. Skin cancer cases in the United States, 1999 – 2010 (excluding basal and squamous)
Males Females
Age Count Population Rate (per 100,000) Count Population Rate (per 100,000)
10 – 14 27 5,004,185 18 4,768,218
15 – 19 73 5,067,818 129 4,436,012
20 – 24 150 4,567,707 355 4,536,702
25 – 29 234 4,317,335 517 4,360,035
30 – 34 399 4,341,984 677 4,380,641
35 – 39 469 4,746,736 908 4,826,151
40 – 44 766 5,090,939 1,079 5,223,303
45 – 49 1,123 5,152,355 1,209 5,325,865
50 – 54 1,433 4,757,879 1,230 4,960,294
55 – 59 1,547 3,929,271 1,115 4,170,446
60 – 64 1,574 3,048,325 982 3,353,101
65 – 69 1,565 2,360,724 941 2,755,352
70 – 74 1,674 1,957,450 949 2,460,095
75 – 79 1,696 1,570,985 899 2,226,880
80 – 84 1,296 1,052,677 722 1,763,658
85+ 887 699,186 678 1,683,375
Males Females
Age Count Population Rate (per 100,000) Count Population Rate (per 100,000)
10 – 14 27 5,004,185 18 4,768,218
15 – 19 73 5,067,818 129 4,436,012
20 – 24 150 4,567,707 355 4,536,702
25 – 29 234 4,317,335 517 4,360,035
30 – 34 399 4,341,984 677 4,380,641
35 – 39 469 4,746,736 908 4,826,151
40 – 44 766 5,090,939 1,079 5,223,303
45 – 49 1,123 5,152,355 1,209 5,325,865
50 – 54 1,433 4,757,879 1,230 4,960,294
55 – 59 1,547 3,929,271 1,115 4,170,446
60 – 64 1,574 3,048,325 982 3,353,101
65 – 69 1,565 2,360,724 941 2,755,352
70 – 74 1,674 1,957,450 949 2,460,095
75 – 79 1,696 1,570,985 899 2,226,880
80 – 84 1,296 1,052,677 722 1,763,658
85+ 887 699,186 678 1,683,375
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3. Using the calculated rates from Table 1, determine the number of expected counts in the male population by adjusting to the female rates to complete Table 2.
3. Using the calculated rates from Table 1, determine the number of expected counts in the male population by adjusting to the female rates to complete Table 2.
Table 2. Expected counts in the male population adjusted to the female rate of skin cancer
Age Male Population Female Rate Expected Counts
10 – 14 5,004,185 x
15 – 19 5,067,818 x
20 – 24 4,567,707 x
25 – 29 4,317,335 x
30 – 34 4,341,984 x
35 – 39 4,746,736 x
40 – 44 5,090,939 x
45 – 49 5,152,355 x
50 – 54 4,757,879 x
55 – 59 3,929,271 x
60 – 64 3,048,325 x
65 – 69 2,360,724 x
70 – 74 1,957,450 x
75 – 79 1,570,985 x
80 – 84 1,052,677 x
85+ 699,186 x
4. How does the crude rate compare to the age-adjusted rate? Interpret the age adjusted rate.
Age Male Population Female Rate Expected Counts
10 – 14 5,004,185 x
15 – 19 5,067,818 x
20 – 24 4,567,707 x
25 – 29 4,317,335 x
30 – 34 4,341,984 x
35 – 39 4,746,736 x
40 – 44 5,090,939 x
45 – 49 5,152,355 x
50 – 54 4,757,879 x
55 – 59 3,929,271 x
60 – 64 3,048,325 x
65 – 69 2,360,724 x
70 – 74 1,957,450 x
75 – 79 1,570,985 x
80 – 84 1,052,677 x
85+ 699,186 x
4. How does the crude rate compare to the age-adjusted rate? Interpret the age adjusted rate.
Submission Instructions:
Assignments must be submitted in Word file as Lastname_ENVM510_M2GradedAssign by 11:55pm EST on Sunday, September 8, 2013.
Assignments must be submitted in Word file as Lastname_ENVM510_M2GradedAssign by 11:55pm EST on Sunday, September 8, 2013.
Reference:
CDC. National Program of Cancer Registries: 1999 – 2010 Incidence, WONDER On-line Database. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Cancer Institute; 2013. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/cancernpcr.html on Jun 3, 2013 1:30:23 PM
CDC. National Program of Cancer Registries: 1999 – 2010 Incidence, WONDER On-line Database. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Cancer Institute; 2013. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/cancernpcr.html on Jun 3, 2013 1:30:23 PM
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