Human Motivation

1. Addiction to drugs and other substances or activities have been demonstrated to involve the naturally occurring brain chemical transmitter dopamine. Dopaminergic neurons in the brain send projections to a few key areas in the brain that are involved in the addictive behaviors described in the textbook and in this module. Discuss the common brain pathway that is implicated in addiction and also discuss the supporting research evidence that points to the role of this pathway in addiction. .

2. In what ways are addictions and continuous stress maladaptive? How do you think these factors might alter one's journey along Maslow's hierarchy of needs, towards self-actualization? .

3 .Discuss how the use of drugs differs from other natural incentives in motivating behavior.

4. Discuss the inter-relationships between stress and drug use and/or drug abuse. .

5. Discuss how the immune system and social support influence stress levels and the physiological and psychological consequences of stress.

6. In your own words, discuss the levels of Maslow's Needs Hierarchy and the varying degrees to which the levels are typically met for an individual. Address whether needs can be categorized and ranked for their potential to motivate behavior.

7: Autonomy is regarded as an important psychological need. Define autonomy in the context of motivated behavior. Using your experiences as an example, discuss whether full autonomy and freedom from external forces and pressures are real possibilities in your own life. Discuss what it would (did) take for you to meet or achieve the need for autonomy in your own life.

8. Needs range from basic biological needs like food to higher-level cognitive needs like achievement and goal-setting. At what level of the needs continuum do you think awareness impacts the need? Explain your answer and provide at least one example as a demonstration of your perspective on the role of awareness.

9. In your own words, explain how temperament and personality differ and discuss their commonalities.

10. Discuss the physiological evidence and genetic evidence that personality traits are real.

11. Design an experiment, containing control and experimental groups, to systematically investigate whether a personality trait is environmentally determined or genetically determined. Clearly state your variables (which trait you will study and the population of participants) and control and experimental groups.

12. Select two of the traits in the Five-Factor model of personality traits and explain how differences in the two traits are strongly associated with differences in motivation. Provide two examples of the relationship between personality traits and motivated behaviors.

13. Brains of introverts have been found to be more active than the brains of extroverts. Discuss the evidence that supports this statement. Or, conduct additional library research to find data that refutes this statement and discuss the evidence you found. Summarize the evidence. In your opinion, after reading the evidence, what do you think is the evolutionary advantage of the excited brain of an introvert?

14.  Humans are motivated in different ways. Activities that might seem like drudgery to one person might be regarded as very rewarding by another person.


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