QUESTION ONE: Environmental health justice
Nearly every indicator
for quality of life is much lower for indigenous people than those of
most of the non-indigenous populace. Important environmental
determinants sit alongside social, political and historical influences.
The
Uwankara Palyanyku Kanyintjaku [UPK] research identified health
problems which can be reduced by implementation of nine Healthy Living
Standards [Npanampa Health Council in 1987Keleher & MacDougall
2011].
Discuss how failure of two of these Healthy Living standards can increase the incidence of a specific pathology – thus:
How
and why does inability to wash people and to wash clothes and bedding
increase the incidence of S aureus [impetigo/cellulitis]?
How and why does failure to remove waste safely from house and surrounds increase the risk of hookworm, especially in infants?
In your answer, explain
how these two living standards can prevent the spread of these two diseases
identify the causative agent of the two diseases
outline the spread and pattern of the illnesses between individuals and groups
outline the pattern of the illnesses in the Australian populace
identify if any particular groups or populations are at greater risk
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QUESTION TWO: Primary, secondary, tertiary disease prevention
Disease prevention can be primary, secondary, tertiary or a combination of all three.
Primary
prevention is directed at the stage of susceptibility to try and
prevent the disease from occurring. Secondary prevention is aimed at the
subclinical stage to try and prevent clinical disease / decrease
severity of disease when it emerges. Tertiary prevention applies to the
clinical stage and is aimed at preventing / minimising the progression
of disease.
Note: disease prevention stages relate to more than medical/nursing interventions & treatments.
Rheumatic
Heart Disease has become less important in mainstream Australian
society but is regrettably common in the indigenous community. Explain
why this disease has almost disappeared in the white population and then
discuss methods of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention today.
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QUESTION THREE: Burden of disease
Consideration
of the burden of disease on the individual and on populations is
important for health policy-makers and planners in allocation of
resources.
In the discussion of burden of disease
o define what a DALY is
how are DALYs used by health planners/policy-makers?
how does understanding of the burden of disease and injury indicate where the most gains in health can be made?
how
does understanding of burden of disease improve understanding of
patients’ probable lifestyles and life expectancies on discharge from
acute care?
QUESTION FOUR: Epidemiology of a chronic disease
Epidemiology can be defined as:
The
study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or
events in specified populations, and the application of this study to
control of health problems [Fleming and Parker 2009 72].
Over 6
million Australians report having arthritis or some other
musculo-skeletal complaint and Osteo-Arthritis is the most common type
of arthritis [AIHW 2010 187]. Using the above definition of
epidemiology, discuss Osteo-Arthritis under the following headings
Its distribution across the lifespan and any special populations of concern
Social determinants of related heath states or event
Prevention and control of the disease or lessening of disease processes
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QUESTION 5 : Health Promotion
Deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease per 100 000
population have fallen from over 80 men and about 40 women in 1980 to 30
men and women or less overall in 2007 [AIHW 2010].
The major
causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] are nicotine
and/or environmental pollution. The incidence of COPD has lessened
significantly due to decreased nicotine usage and cleaner environments
over the past forty to fifty years. Though the stories of change in
smoking and clean air in Australia have been different, the end result
has been the great change in rates of COPD.
The two stories are
different mixes of health promotion by reward and coercion – education,
taxing, changing agriculture, advertising, changing sponsorships.
Discuss how and why
nicotine usage has decreased since the 1970s and
work/job and community environments have improved.
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