American Civilization:

1. American Civilization:

Problems in reconstructing the History of Native American Civilization, Mesoamerican Empires and Civilization; Andean South America; The Inca Empire

2. Birth of Europe and European Renaissance

The decline of Roman Authority in the West; The Byzantine Empire; The impact of Islam on East and West; The development of Roman Church; Feudal Society. Hundred Year’s War & Rise of National Sentiment; Italian Renaissance, its contents and its impact in politics, arts, music and literature; Humanism.

3. Reformation, Religious Wars and Development of the Transatlantic Economy:

The Reformation: Moral, Political and Social significance of the Reformation; The Wars of Religions; The Enlightenment. Establishment of the Spanish Empire in America: Varieties of Economic Activities in the Spanish Empire; Other colonies in North America; Slavery in the Americas; Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade

4. African Civilization:

Diversity and Early African Societies; Development of Trans-Saharan Trade; North Africa and Egypt; The spread of Islam South of the Sahara; Kingdoms of the Western and Central Sudan; Ghana, Mali, Songhai; European Arrivals

These are the topic of chaper you should find and read from the file i uploaded. then answer the following questions ( you must type the quesionts and highlight them in the content)
1. Describe the feudal society and analyze its nature. What are the defining features of feudalism? Analyze the main features of feudalism. Describe the political position and the rights and obligations of different social groups. Explain why they are so different and how they are related to each other. Make a good use of the concepts of vassalage and vassal, benefice/fiefs, serf and free man, the types of land property and the social status of each group.

2. Discuss the development of Roman Church after the decline of Roman Empire. Discuss the three most important characteristics of Christian church such as the Monasticism, the Doctrine of Papal Primacy, and the Division of Christendom. Explain the major factors that caused this division and the impact of this major change in the world society.

3. Analyze the moral, political and social significance of Reformation movement. Explain the role of northern humanism, its connection to Renaissance, its context, and the uniqueness of Reformation movement in different European countries. What were the main problems of the church that contributed to the Protestant Reformation? Why was the church unable to suppress dissent as it had earlier?

4. Describe the Mayan Civilization; what was life in Maya main centers, the collapse of Maya civilization and what were the greatest contributions of the Maya? How do they compare with contemporary civilizations elsewhere in the world?

5. Describe the Incas Empire, different institutions they developed. Explain how they were able to enlarge their empire? Why they are considered as masters of organization? Why Europeans were able to conquer them? How do they compare with contemporary civilizations elsewhere in the world?

6. What was the basis of the mercantilist theory of economics? What was the relationship between the colonial economies and those of the homelands? Describe this relationship. Why did forced labor and slavery develop in colonies? How was slavery in the Americas different from slavery in earlier societies? What was the effect of the transatlantic slave trade on American and African societies?

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